Projects
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ACTOR Project Funding aimed to support innovative research and pilot projects led by ACTOR members across various Workgroups. These projects were designed to foster external funding opportunities or serve as a foundation for independent research.
Funding was allocated to three main categories:
Strategic Projects: Research-focused initiatives.
Research-Creation Projects: Combining creative practice with scholarly research.
Student Collaborative Projects: Interdisciplinary efforts involving students from two different institutions.
Key outcomes included joint publications, new modules for the Timbre and Orchestration Resource (TOR), public presentations of ACTOR research, and the creation, premiere, or recording of musical compositions. Priority was given to interdisciplinary projects aligned with the ACTOR project’s mandate.
Below is a list of all funded projects, each linking to its abstract and detailing the researchers involved. Every project was led by a Principal Investigator (PI) and could include external collaborators. Additionally, we have included Partner Projects, which were related initiatives supported by external funding.
Collaborative Student Projects.
Footwork is a style of electronic dance music that emerged in Chicago in the late 1990s. Originally produced as the accompaniment for a distinctive mode of dance—also called footwork or footworking—Footwork is a highly kinetic genre that thrives in a liminal space of perception.
Our project seeks to explore the capabilities of cutting-edge machine learning (ML) techniques for real-time sound analysis in the context of a new composition. Led by Martin Daigle, Pauline Patie, and Emmanuel Lacopo, the project features software such as Rodrigo Constanzo’s SP-Tools to provide real-time instrumental augmentation for the percussion and guitars. Furthermore, it will be used to control real-time interactive visual projections
Amongst Luvale communities in Zambia, drummers tune their instruments by applying ulezo (tuning paste) and heat. In addition to adjusting pitch, this two-step process dramatically impacts timbre. The purposes of this project are to (1) explore the timbral effects of tuning by analyzing audio descriptors generated in the Timbre Toolbox and (2) map these acoustic descriptors onto Luvale timbre descriptors. A data set of individual notes was obtained from field recordings of multiple dance troupes at various stages of the tuning process.
In this research-creation project we wish to use experimental designs from timbre perception research to generate data models that will inform the creation of new compositions for an atypical instrumental duo. We wish to test whether research methodologies can be adopted for use in perceptually informed orchestration/composition practice.
This idea arose from the participants seed idea presented during the CORE Ensemble Project 2021-2022. While one was interested in timbral imitation and emergent timbre, the other used the inflections of Cantonese language to derive musical material. The proposed project aims at combining these two ideas into one, using a more science-supported approach this time.
Compositions for a solo Chinese instrument with the Western orchestra require the composer to consider ways in which orchestration techniques might function in different ways so as to either bring out the solo instrument or to have it blend with the orchestra.
By exploring the relationship between spatial distance and choral blend, this project aims to be the initial step in creating a body of research within ACTOR to evaluate choral blend from the perspectives of both singers and listeners.The results of these studies could be compared in order to understand similarities and differences between two types of sectional performers.
Our research-creation project aims to integrate acoustic drums and various electronics in a semi-structured unconventional composition process. The bottom-up approach will allow both parties to be curious and create a novel piece featuring new timbres and new orchestration applications for the drum kit with electronics. The tools used for this research creation are standard drum kit, microphones, percussion sampling pads, and computer with Max MSP.
Strategic Projects
There exists an abyss on the subject of the history of orchestration pedagogy, and this project proposes a first step in approaching this topic through the orchestration exams from initiation and end-of-curriculum classes at the Conservatoire national supérieur de musique et de danse de Paris (CNSMDP). Many student orchestration exams have been destroyed at the National Archives since the orchestration classes were introduced at the Conservatory in 1977. However, a significant number of scores remain to be collected. The recordings of these scores by the Conservatory orchestra have largely been preserved on various supports according to the audiovisual service at the Conservatory.
On a fundamental level, we ask what differentiated a “French” from a “Viennese” sound; but taking into account the skills of both builder and player, along with the complex affordances of a particular type of instrument, we also ask what made Beethoven a “fast learner” on a new instrument and his Paris-based rival Steibelt an “expert” of a familiar one—one that lent itself well to what in France was known as son continu, or the skill of sustaining or “spinning” sound.
The DATE project will expand on the combined composed and improvisatory environments by providing a dancer/choreographer with the tools to blend and process the sounds of two musicians in real time using physical gestures. This project will make use of the Kinect Controlled Artistic Sensing System (KiCASS), a UBC-developed motion capture system which uses infra-red tracking to generate data from 20 points on multiple dancers.
This project develops a streamlined resource for emerging composers seeking to introduce live electronics into their instrumental orchestration practice. It focuses on two topics. 1. Accessible and stable performance frameworks 2. Straightforward strategies for orchestrating with electronics in chamber and orchestral context.
Timbre is an important stylistic and structural parameter in popular music, yet its specific functional roles in this repertoire have not yet been theorized. Most music-analytical scholarship on timbre in popular music to date consists of case studies of individual artists, bands, studios, or genres. There have been no broad corpus studies establishing timbral norms for genres or eras of popular music.
Brightness is among the most studied aspects of music perception, and arguably among the most important timbral cues actively shaped by performers, composers, and audio engineers.
Creation of an internet-based guide for musicians that describes in layman terms the fundamentals of acoustic features of musical instruments, stages, performance and rehearsal rooms using visual and auditory examples
The historical Chapelle du Grand Séminaire de Montréal presents the acoustical canvas for a choral recording. 32 microphones will be placed strategically, 18 spot microphones, one for each singer, 8 highly positioned ambient microphones in varying distances, and 6 height microphones will capture the immersive sound above the choir.
We propose to create an advanced 3D audio and video recording of Jason Noble’s fantaisie harmonique for two guitar orchestras which was premiered at the inaugural 21st Century Guitar Conference (August 2019, Ottawa, ON) with 3D projection art by Kurt Laurenz Theinert.
The team seeks to develop new digital means to analyse and interpret audio data generated by performances and collected using an ambisonic microphone (sub axes audio analysis, music analysis). Over the next twelve months the team will work to develop digital, analytical methodologies to better understand how timbre is manipulated and deployed in performance.
A large scale, online study of timbre semantics is being planned in which participants will be presented with sound stimuli and asked (a) to identify the sound source, (b) to rate it on a battery of semantic scales (e.g., warm, hollow), and (c) to list any additional semantic associations they wish to report.
Robert Hasegawa and colleagues from McGill, Université de Montréal, the Société des Arts Technologiques (SAT) and local new music ensembles planned an edition of the IRCAM Forum Workshop hors les murs in Montreal (April 2 to 5, 2020). This event brings together diverse Montreal institutions and offers an opportunity for exchanges between researchers and artists from IRCAM and their counterparts in Canada and the United States.
An interdisciplinary symphonic recording for the study of orchestral sound. With the aim to study orchestral blending effects, a joint music production and evaluation of an orchestral recording was realized. Excerpts of the work were recorded in the full orchestral setting or in variable combinations of single instruments, partial or complete orchestral sections performing together, which illustrated timbre blending between the groups.
Research-Creation Projects
Evoking the human voice through instrumental music has been a perennial goal for composers, appearing in traditional performance instructions such as cantabile and contemporary practices such as formant modeling. Performers also make extensive use of vocal metaphors in their discourse. But do general listeners perceive instrumental music in terms of vocal qualities or metaphors? We will address this question by asking listeners to rate their perceptions of vocality in music intended to emulate it, followed by a proof-of-concept composition and performance.
The purpose of the Space As Timbre (SAT) project, is to collect qualitative data in order to analyze and understand the perceptual effect of timbre in composing new spaces for an acoustic ensemble, thereby creating the opportunity to treat space as a form bearing element in music.
Computer-assisted orchestration can be thought of as the process of searching for the best combinations of orchestral sounds to match a target sound under specified metrics and constraints. Although a solution to this problem has been a long-standing request from many composers, it remains relatively unexplored because of its high complexity, requiring knowledge and understanding of both mathematical formalization and musical writing.
We propose an album of music for guitar and electronics composed by Noble and performed by Cowan, culminating their longstanding collaboration which has been presented in many contexts. Traube and de Francisco will oversee the project, Martin will be the recording engineer, and Rouhier will be the multimedia artist.
This project is a special composition for a place, or rather the sound composition of a particular place, in the sense that it is the place that physically composes the piece. The place is the Ariana Museum, Swiss Museum of Ceramics and Glass, in Geneva. The composition is that of the place and its objects. It reveals the space of the building, its geometries, its volumes, it is sensitive to the objects that are placed there because they will influence the listening as much as the walls of the rooms.
The purpose of the Musician Auditory Perception (MAP) project is to collect quantitative data via sonic ethnography in order to promote and analyze, both literally and metaphorically, (a) sonic collaboration between auditory learners, (b) modes of sound information gathering, and (c) the creative expression of musicians, while disrupting common pedagogic practices that reinforce hierarchical education.
The central pillar of our research questions traditional relationships between acoustic instruments and the electronic. Through the use of transduction technologies including precisely tactile exciters and bass shaker transducers, we incorporate a third actor into the acoustic-electronic relationship.
The term "orchestration" is rarely used in reference to the string quartet, but when we define it broadly (after Stephen McAdams) as "the choice, combination, and/or juxtaposition of timbres in a musical context," it becomes clear that the quartet is a rich and highly flexible vehicle for the exploration of orchestrational ideas.
Recording a string ensemble which plays certain musical excerpts composed by project members for a blended sound impression under the ODESSA framework, and analyzing the resulting ensemble sound by introducing variations in room acoustic parameters.
Footwork is a style of electronic dance music that emerged in Chicago in the late 1990s. Originally produced as the accompaniment for a distinctive mode of dance—also called footwork or footworking—Footwork is a highly kinetic genre that thrives in a liminal space of perception.
Our project seeks to explore the capabilities of cutting-edge machine learning (ML) techniques for real-time sound analysis in the context of a new composition. Led by Martin Daigle, Pauline Patie, and Emmanuel Lacopo, the project features software such as Rodrigo Constanzo’s SP-Tools to provide real-time instrumental augmentation for the percussion and guitars. Furthermore, it will be used to control real-time interactive visual projections
Amongst Luvale communities in Zambia, drummers tune their instruments by applying ulezo (tuning paste) and heat. In addition to adjusting pitch, this two-step process dramatically impacts timbre. The purposes of this project are to (1) explore the timbral effects of tuning by analyzing audio descriptors generated in the Timbre Toolbox and (2) map these acoustic descriptors onto Luvale timbre descriptors. A data set of individual notes was obtained from field recordings of multiple dance troupes at various stages of the tuning process.
There exists an abyss on the subject of the history of orchestration pedagogy, and this project proposes a first step in approaching this topic through the orchestration exams from initiation and end-of-curriculum classes at the Conservatoire national supérieur de musique et de danse de Paris (CNSMDP). Many student orchestration exams have been destroyed at the National Archives since the orchestration classes were introduced at the Conservatory in 1977. However, a significant number of scores remain to be collected. The recordings of these scores by the Conservatory orchestra have largely been preserved on various supports according to the audiovisual service at the Conservatory.
Evoking the human voice through instrumental music has been a perennial goal for composers, appearing in traditional performance instructions such as cantabile and contemporary practices such as formant modeling. Performers also make extensive use of vocal metaphors in their discourse. But do general listeners perceive instrumental music in terms of vocal qualities or metaphors? We will address this question by asking listeners to rate their perceptions of vocality in music intended to emulate it, followed by a proof-of-concept composition and performance.
In this research-creation project we wish to use experimental designs from timbre perception research to generate data models that will inform the creation of new compositions for an atypical instrumental duo. We wish to test whether research methodologies can be adopted for use in perceptually informed orchestration/composition practice.
This idea arose from the participants seed idea presented during the CORE Ensemble Project 2021-2022. While one was interested in timbral imitation and emergent timbre, the other used the inflections of Cantonese language to derive musical material. The proposed project aims at combining these two ideas into one, using a more science-supported approach this time.
On a fundamental level, we ask what differentiated a “French” from a “Viennese” sound; but taking into account the skills of both builder and player, along with the complex affordances of a particular type of instrument, we also ask what made Beethoven a “fast learner” on a new instrument and his Paris-based rival Steibelt an “expert” of a familiar one—one that lent itself well to what in France was known as son continu, or the skill of sustaining or “spinning” sound.
The DATE project will expand on the combined composed and improvisatory environments by providing a dancer/choreographer with the tools to blend and process the sounds of two musicians in real time using physical gestures. This project will make use of the Kinect Controlled Artistic Sensing System (KiCASS), a UBC-developed motion capture system which uses infra-red tracking to generate data from 20 points on multiple dancers.
The purpose of the Space As Timbre (SAT) project, is to collect qualitative data in order to analyze and understand the perceptual effect of timbre in composing new spaces for an acoustic ensemble, thereby creating the opportunity to treat space as a form bearing element in music.
Computer-assisted orchestration can be thought of as the process of searching for the best combinations of orchestral sounds to match a target sound under specified metrics and constraints. Although a solution to this problem has been a long-standing request from many composers, it remains relatively unexplored because of its high complexity, requiring knowledge and understanding of both mathematical formalization and musical writing.
This project develops a streamlined resource for emerging composers seeking to introduce live electronics into their instrumental orchestration practice. It focuses on two topics. 1. Accessible and stable performance frameworks 2. Straightforward strategies for orchestrating with electronics in chamber and orchestral context.
Compositions for a solo Chinese instrument with the Western orchestra require the composer to consider ways in which orchestration techniques might function in different ways so as to either bring out the solo instrument or to have it blend with the orchestra.
By exploring the relationship between spatial distance and choral blend, this project aims to be the initial step in creating a body of research within ACTOR to evaluate choral blend from the perspectives of both singers and listeners.The results of these studies could be compared in order to understand similarities and differences between two types of sectional performers.
Our research-creation project aims to integrate acoustic drums and various electronics in a semi-structured unconventional composition process. The bottom-up approach will allow both parties to be curious and create a novel piece featuring new timbres and new orchestration applications for the drum kit with electronics. The tools used for this research creation are standard drum kit, microphones, percussion sampling pads, and computer with Max MSP.
We propose an album of music for guitar and electronics composed by Noble and performed by Cowan, culminating their longstanding collaboration which has been presented in many contexts. Traube and de Francisco will oversee the project, Martin will be the recording engineer, and Rouhier will be the multimedia artist.
This project is a special composition for a place, or rather the sound composition of a particular place, in the sense that it is the place that physically composes the piece. The place is the Ariana Museum, Swiss Museum of Ceramics and Glass, in Geneva. The composition is that of the place and its objects. It reveals the space of the building, its geometries, its volumes, it is sensitive to the objects that are placed there because they will influence the listening as much as the walls of the rooms.
Timbre is an important stylistic and structural parameter in popular music, yet its specific functional roles in this repertoire have not yet been theorized. Most music-analytical scholarship on timbre in popular music to date consists of case studies of individual artists, bands, studios, or genres. There have been no broad corpus studies establishing timbral norms for genres or eras of popular music.
Brightness is among the most studied aspects of music perception, and arguably among the most important timbral cues actively shaped by performers, composers, and audio engineers.
The purpose of the Musician Auditory Perception (MAP) project is to collect quantitative data via sonic ethnography in order to promote and analyze, both literally and metaphorically, (a) sonic collaboration between auditory learners, (b) modes of sound information gathering, and (c) the creative expression of musicians, while disrupting common pedagogic practices that reinforce hierarchical education.
The central pillar of our research questions traditional relationships between acoustic instruments and the electronic. Through the use of transduction technologies including precisely tactile exciters and bass shaker transducers, we incorporate a third actor into the acoustic-electronic relationship.
The term "orchestration" is rarely used in reference to the string quartet, but when we define it broadly (after Stephen McAdams) as "the choice, combination, and/or juxtaposition of timbres in a musical context," it becomes clear that the quartet is a rich and highly flexible vehicle for the exploration of orchestrational ideas.
Recording a string ensemble which plays certain musical excerpts composed by project members for a blended sound impression under the ODESSA framework, and analyzing the resulting ensemble sound by introducing variations in room acoustic parameters.
Creation of an internet-based guide for musicians that describes in layman terms the fundamentals of acoustic features of musical instruments, stages, performance and rehearsal rooms using visual and auditory examples
The historical Chapelle du Grand Séminaire de Montréal presents the acoustical canvas for a choral recording. 32 microphones will be placed strategically, 18 spot microphones, one for each singer, 8 highly positioned ambient microphones in varying distances, and 6 height microphones will capture the immersive sound above the choir.
We propose to create an advanced 3D audio and video recording of Jason Noble’s fantaisie harmonique for two guitar orchestras which was premiered at the inaugural 21st Century Guitar Conference (August 2019, Ottawa, ON) with 3D projection art by Kurt Laurenz Theinert.
In three recording sessions taking place at the Haute école de musique (HEM) de Genève in October, 2019, different orchestral extracts were recorded so as to study several facets of orchestration and acoustics, such as timbral equilibrium and contrast.
The team seeks to develop new digital means to analyse and interpret audio data generated by performances and collected using an ambisonic microphone (sub axes audio analysis, music analysis). Over the next twelve months the team will work to develop digital, analytical methodologies to better understand how timbre is manipulated and deployed in performance.
A large scale, online study of timbre semantics is being planned in which participants will be presented with sound stimuli and asked (a) to identify the sound source, (b) to rate it on a battery of semantic scales (e.g., warm, hollow), and (c) to list any additional semantic associations they wish to report.
Robert Hasegawa and colleagues from McGill, Université de Montréal, the Société des Arts Technologiques (SAT) and local new music ensembles planned an edition of the IRCAM Forum Workshop hors les murs in Montreal (April 2 to 5, 2020). This event brings together diverse Montreal institutions and offers an opportunity for exchanges between researchers and artists from IRCAM and their counterparts in Canada and the United States.
Past Partner Projects
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ThisOrchestration and Perception Project seeks to create a psychological foundation for a theory of orchestration practice based on perceptual principles associated with musical timbre. It involves an international collaboration between McGill University, Ircam-Centre Pompidou and the Haute école de musique de Genève. The four thematic research axes include:
the role of timbre in instrumental fusion and in the differentiation of musical voices,
its role in the creation of musical structures,
the perception of orchestral gestures as meaningful units in a musical discourse, and
the historical evolution of orchestration techniques across epochs.
Each theme will be addressed by analyzing orchestration treatises, analyzing musical scores and cataloguing and classifying orchestral effects, automated mining of symbolic digital representations of scores, creating sonic renderings of scores by an orchestral rendering environment allowing for the comparison of several versions (original and reorchestrated) to test specific hypotheses, conducting perceptual tests on orchestral effects, integrating the results into a theory of orchestration, and transferring acquired knowledge to computer-aided orchestration systems and to the development of new pedagogical tools for orchestration.
This Project was part of the foundation of, and evolved into, the ACTOR Project.
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Research into electronic orchestration (e-Orch) at the Haute école de musique Genève – Neuchâtel
Orchestration can be described from several angles: it is mainly represented as the art of writing, from symbolic data, musical pieces for several instruments, by combining them which each other, the size of the ensemble being variable. We can therefore deduce that it exploits instrumental timbres with the aim of producing orchestral effects; yet the very act of mixing the timbral and acoustic properties of instruments also falls within the domain of signal processing. This dual symbolic/signal view is not to be seen as an opposition, but as an illustration of the complexity of this practice; it lies at the heart of the relationship between art and science, two disciplines whose intersection is particularly relevant to the present time.
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Multimodal analysis and knowledge inference for musical orchestration (MAKIMOno) [NSERC (Canada), ANR (France)]
This project brings together IRCAM-CNRS-Sorbonne Université, McGill University, and OrchPlayMusic, Inc. to address scientifically one of the most complex aspects of music: the use of timbre—the complex set of tone colours that distinguish sounds emanating from different instruments or their blended combinations—to shape music through various modes of orchestration. This first-of-its-kind project will lead to the creation of information technologies for human interaction with digital media that will radically change orchestration pedagogy, provide better tools for the computer-aided interactive creation of musical content, and lead to a better understanding of perceptual principles underlying orchestration practice.
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ACTOR partners at the Detmold University of Music are part of the EU FUNDED RESEARCH PROJECT “VRACE”: “The ITN project ‘VRACE – Virtual Reality Audio for Cyber Environments’ establishes a multidisciplinary network that will train the next generation of researchers in the audio part of virtual and augmented reality. The aim is to raise Virtual / Augmented Reality to a next level beyond gaming and entertainment by benefiting from the critical mass of expertise gathered in this distinguished consortium.” https://vrace-etn.eu/
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A musical performance of some symbolic music data (e.g. the score, MusicXML, MEI) is the entirety of all transformations necessary to make the music sound. This includes the temporal order of sound events as well as their specific execution. The Music Performance Markup format (MPM) is dedicated to describe and model musical performances in large detail in the manner of a construction kit. It comes packed with a series of performance features from several domains incl. the following:
Timing features: tempo (incl. discrete and continuous tempo changes), rubato, asynchrony, random/non-systematical deviations from precise timing,
Dynamics features: macro dynamics (incl. discrete and continuous dynamics changes), metrical accentuation, random/non-systematical deviations from precise dynamics,
Articulation: absolute and relative modifications of a tone's duration, dynamics, timing (e.g. agogic accent), and intonation, random/non-systematic variations of tone duration and intonation.
Each feature is designed on the basis of a mathematical model that was derived from empirical performance research. These models not only reproduce the typical characteristics of their respective features. Two musicians may perform the same features (say an articulation, a crescendo, or a ritardando) very differently. Thus, the models are also equipped with expressive parameters to recreate the whole bandwidth of such variations.
In three recording sessions taking place at the Haute école de musique (HEM) de Genève in October, 2019, different orchestral extracts were recorded so as to study several facets of orchestration and acoustics, such as timbral equilibrium and contrast.